The Capital Punishment Debate :: Pros and Cons of the Death Penalty

Capital punishment (the death penalty) is the means of punishment, decided by the court, which most convicted murderers, are sentenced to. This sentencing involves the induced death of the convicted criminals by various means. Most of the methods used or previously used for the execution process include lethal injection, hanging, firing squad, gas chamber, electrocution (DPIC 2006). Murders have interpreted place all over the world throughout history and still continue to this day. Many argue on what the proper punishment would be for these types of criminals. both(prenominal) believe that many years or life in prison is the best verdict for these convicts. Others will argue that outstanding punishment is a more suitable punishment. Although the death penalty has been in effect for many years and still continues to be practiced, the debate of whether or not this type of punishment should be allowed is still active. Certain people will say that it is brutal to resort to this type of punishment while others will say it is very necessary.The system of capital punishment is designed for the protection from the potential threat that the convicted have on society. Dudly Sharp, states that by executing murderers you prevent them from murdering again and do, thereby, save innocent life (19). The precisely way to prevent a person from committing murder continuously after being convicted is punishing them under the same means. This can only ensure the natural rubber of the community. Capital punishment is even elaborated from a biblical standpoint also. Dr. Dave Miller states in his article, that Very early in human history, God official that murderers were to forfeit their own lives (2). Even God believes that murders do not have a right to live. The concern of whether or not capital punishment is a suitable system for punishment for murder convicts is an issue. In her article, Deborah White argues that capital punishment violates the right to lifeIt is the ultim ate, cruel, inhuman and degrading punishment (3). White believes that it is cruel to condemn someone to death who has intentionally killed other people. The world is full of murderers. These heinous crime performers, unless brought to justice, will continue their dirty deeds with no bonus to quit. A criminal who commits murder, should not go without being severely punished. Gregory Koukl states that in regards to any crime the convicted deserve to be punished, and the punishment should fit the crime (36).

Derek Jeter: Before A World Champion Essay -- Biography Biographies Bi

The Life of Derek Jeter Before a World ChampionDerek Jeter, a victor ballplayer for the northerns are the exact words Derek Jeter, himself, used in his eighth-grade yearbook (Jeter xvi). For as long as he could remember, Jeter has longed to be a New York Yankee. Fifteen years after predicting he would be a professional ballplayer for the Yankees, Derek Jeter is now more than a Yankee. Jeter isnt only a Yankee he is a family guy and a World Champion. His career started when he was volt years old, and everything has evolved from there. Sports fans know what life for Derek Jeter is now, but what was life like before he became a world champion, superstar, and captain of the New York Yankees. Derek Jeters life is started and baseball is intimately to be changed forever. On June 26, 1974, Charles and Dorothy Jeter gave birth to one of the greatest athletes today, Derek Jeter, in Pequannock, New Jersey (Biography par 1). Charles, being caucasian, and Dorothy, being African Ameri can, gave Derek his tan complexion. For the next tetrad years Jeter lived in New Jersey within 30 miles of Yankee Stadium (Biography par 1). Not knowing at the time that he would final stage up back in New York as a Yankee, Jeters family moved to Kalamazoo, Michigan where Derek was able to start playing baseball at the age of five, and would sink the summers with his grandma in New Jersey (Biography par 1). She persuaded him to be a Yankee fan by taking him to multiple games during the summer at Yankee Stadium. Soon, Jeter would come to idolize Dave Winfield (Biography par 1), who played outfield for the Yankees from 1981 to 1988 (Winfield), and was later inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame. Now that Jeter has been exposed to baseball and Yankee... ... healthy lifestyle. It also taught kids to turn away from substances such as drugs and alcohol.From the time Jeter was born he should have been put in a Yankee uniform. He was born to play baseball and he simply realize d that. With his hard work and effort, he now is Captain of the New York Yankees. But without his hard work, dedication, and family support, Jeter wouldnt be anywhere near a Yankee. Now a four time World Champion and two times MVP of the World Series. Jeter continues to work hard and accomplish more and more goals. Derek Jeter will short be remembered as one of the best players to ever play the game of baseball.Works Cited1. Jeter, Derek. The Life You Imagine Life Lessons for achieving youre dreams. New York Three Rivers Press, 2000.2. Derek Jeter-Biography. 1 Nov 2006 .3. Dave Winfield-Fielding. 30 Oct 2006 .

Roselily :: essays research papers

Alice Walkers Roselily, when first read numerateed why she decided to use trine person. Especially when the spirit level is in such a private line of thought, but then after my second time reading the story I decided that Roselily would not be a strong enough woman to speak about the social injustices that have happened to her. ane key part of the story is her new life she will be facing after she is married in Chicago, while comparing it with her old life she is leaving in Mississippi. In Chicago she will no longer have a job, but instead be a homemaker where she will be responsible for the children and home. Also, in Chicago she will become a Muslim because it is what her new husband will want her to be, but back in Mississippi she was of the Christian faith. One of the more positive outcomes of her marriage is that she will go from extreme poverty, to not having to worry about money on a day to day basis. Next, consider the text trying to express her frustration with life She wants to live for once. But doesnt quite know what that means. Wonders if she has ever done it. If she ever will. (1130) You can gumption her need and wanting to be independent of everything and everyone, to be truly a woman on her own free of any shackles of burden that this life has thrown upon her. Also, there is an impression that her family does not really care that she is leaving from her sisters to her disinterested father. Roselily, the name is quite perplexing considering a rose stands for passion, love, life while the lily has associations with death, and purity. however at the same time the name aptly applies to her because the reader knows she is ultimately doomed to wilt away in a loveless marriage in Chicago. Even though she is convincing herself that she loves things about him it is all just a ploy to trick herself into believing that this marriage could be the answer to all her problems. straight off on to the men of Roselilys past most of which are dead- beat da ds that could not care about what happens to their children, or where they go.

Essays --

All it takes is one person to take the lives of 20 six students. Imagine dropping your kid mangle at school, and finding out that they, along with twenty five other classmates were killed by a wiz gunman. This was the reality for many p arnts at Sandy betray Elementary in Newton, Connecticut. And while this terrorist act affected the lives of 26 families, it also affected the States as a nation. A day after the tragical shooting, the National Rifle Associations Executive Vice President Wayne LaPierre addressed the media, and examined how America require to take action to protect our children. In La Pierres speech, he claims how the effect of a gun can differ depending on who is passing the gun. Through the use of word of honor, pathos, and demagoguery, he effectively tins an wrinkle that existing gun laws possess not saved us from the violence that our society has developed. The use of give-and-take in LaPierres speech is evident with the use of facts supported by his impactful words and statistics. LaPierre pulls how the media has created a violent culture in our society today, A child growing up in America witnesses 16,000 murders and 200,000 acts of violence by the time he or she reaches the ripe old age of 18.(La Pierre, 17) He claims that in todays world, many movies, video games, and T.V. shows depict violent situation that usually involved bad guys shooting innocent people. LaPierre wants people to see that the media is withal blame for this violent culture. By using erect numbers such as sixteen and two hundred thousand, he is able to prove that media does have an effect on our society. LaPierre believes that anything can influence society, and the killers are the ones who impart incorporate movie scenes into their real life actions... ... right now, starting today, in a air that we know works (LaPierre, 3) The italicized words allow the reference to reflect on themselves. LaPierre wants people to realize that they can make a chan ge and provide silver/guns for school security even if the government will not. He also states the words we and family throughout his whole speech. This is LaPierres most effective use of Pathos. He is constantly remind the audience he is on their side and that he is suffering with all the families that have lost loved ones.LaPierre incorporated pathos and logos to create the effect he desired on his audience. He demonstrates logos effectively by the use of facts and supporting evidence. He also uses pathos to ingathering to the audiences emotions. Both strategies, give provide a greater chance that the audience will agree with his argument for armed security in schools. Essays -- All it takes is one person to take the lives of twenty six students. Imagine dropping your kid off at school, and finding out that they, along with twenty five other classmates were killed by a single gunman. This was the reality for many parents at Sandy Hook Elementary in Newton, Conne cticut. And while this terrorist act affected the lives of 26 families, it also affected America as a nation. A day after the tragic shooting, the National Rifle Associations Executive Vice President Wayne LaPierre addressed the media, and examined how America needs to take action to protect our children. In La Pierres speech, he claims how the effect of a gun can differ depending on who is firing the gun. Through the use of logos, pathos, and demagoguery, he effectively provides an argument that existing gun laws have not saved us from the violence that our society has developed. The use of Logos in LaPierres speech is evident through the use of facts supported by his impactful words and statistics. LaPierre depicts how the media has created a violent culture in our society today, A child growing up in America witnesses 16,000 murders and 200,000 acts of violence by the time he or she reaches the ripe old age of 18.(La Pierre, 17) He claims that in todays world, many movies, vide o games, and T.V. shows depict violent situation that usually involved bad guys shooting innocent people. LaPierre wants people to see that the media is too blame for this violent culture. By using large numbers such as sixteen and two hundred thousand, he is able to prove that media does have an effect on our society. LaPierre believes that anything can influence society, and the killers are the ones who will incorporate movie scenes into their real life actions... ... right now, starting today, in a way that we know works (LaPierre, 3) The italicized words allow the audience to reflect on themselves. LaPierre wants people to realize that they can make a change and provide money/guns for school security even if the government will not. He also states the words we and family throughout his whole speech. This is LaPierres most effective use of Pathos. He is constantly remind the audience he is on their side and that he is suffering with all the families that have lost loved ones.L aPierre incorporated pathos and logos to create the effect he desired on his audience. He demonstrates logos effectively by the use of facts and supporting evidence. He also uses pathos to appeal to the audiences emotions. Both strategies, give provide a greater chance that the audience will agree with his argument for armed security in schools.

Plato and Augustine’s Conceptions of Happiness Essay -- Philosophy Essa

Both Plato and Augustine offer unusual conceptions of what one must acquire to live a truly happy life. While the conventional view of bliss normally pertains to wealth, financial stability, and material possessions, Plato and Augustine suggest that true happiness is radicaled in something independent of objects or people. Though dissimilar in their notions of that actual root, all(prenominal) respective philosophy views the attaining of that happiness as a path, a direction. Platos philosophy revolves around the attainment of eternal knowledge and achieving a metaphysical balance. Augustine likewise emphasizes ones knowing the eternal, though his focus is upon living in humility before God. Both assert that human beings possess a pictorial desire for true happiness, and it is only through a path to something interminable that they will satisfy this desire. In his several dialogues, Plato contends the importance of the four virtues wisdom, courage, self-control, and justice . In The Republic, he describes a top-down hierarchy that correlates to the aspects of ones instinct. knowledge, courage, and temperance preside control over the rational, spirited, and appetitive aspects of the soul. It is when one maintains a balance between these aspects of his soul that he attains peace within himself ...And when he has bound together the three principles within him...he proceeds to act...always thinking and calling that which preserves and cooperates with this harmonious condition (Plato 443c). Wisdom and knowledge consistently remain at the top of his view of happiness. During the apology, Plato is asked what punishment is best suited for him. He sarcastically answers, to be fed...(It is) much more qualified than for any one who has won a v... ...ath is led by humility, directing one toward a better understanding of God. Perhaps it is not important, however, which source, if either, is the correct root of happiness, but merely that ones source stret ches beyond the margins of what is temporal. Works CitedAugustine, Aurelius. Confessions. 400. Trans. Henry Chadwick Oxford Oxford University Press, 1991. Kant, Immanuel. An Answer to the Question What is Enlightenment? Online Essays Appropriate to Foucoult. 1997. 3 April 2001. Available universal resource locator http//www.csun/edu/hfspc002/ fouc.essay.htmlPlato. Five Dialogues. Trans. G.M.A. Grube Indianapolis Hackett Publishing Company, 1981.Plato. The Republic. Exploring Platos dialogues28 March 2001. Available URL http//trill.cis.fordham.edu /gsas/philosophy/quotedpassage.htm

Plato and Augustine’s Conceptions of Happiness Essay -- Philosophy Essa

Both Plato and Augustine offer unusual conceptions of what one must acquire to live a truly happy life. While the formulaic view of happiness normally pertains to wealth, financial stability, and material haveions, Plato and Augustine suggest that true happiness is rooted in something independent of objects or people. Though dissimilar in their nonions of that actual root, each respective philosophy views the attaining of that happiness as a path, a direction. Platos philosophy revolves around the attainment of eternal knowledge and achieving a metaphysical symmetry. Augustine also emphasizes ones knowing the eternal, though his focus is upon living in humility before God. Both assert that human beings possess a natural desire for true happiness, and it is only through a path to something interminable that they will satisfy this desire. In his several dialogues, Plato contends the importance of the quadruple virtues wisdom, courage, self-control, and justice. In The Republ ic, he describes a top-down hierarchy that correlates to the aspects of ones soul. Wisdom, courage, and temperance preside control over the rational, spirited, and appetitive aspects of the soul. It is when one maintains a balance between these aspects of his soul that he attains peace within himself ...And when he has bound together the three principles within him...he proceeds to act...always thinking and calling that which preserves and cooperates with this on-key condition (Plato 443c). Wisdom and knowledge consistently remain at the top of his view of happiness. During the apology, Plato is asked what punishment is best suited for him. He sarcastically answers, to be fed...(It is) much(prenominal) more suitable than for any one who has won a v... ...ath is led by humility, directing one toward a better understanding of God. Perhaps it is not important, however, which source, if either, is the correct root of happiness, but merely that ones source stretches beyond the m argins of what is temporal. Works CitedAugustine, Aurelius. Confessions. 400. Trans. Henry Chadwick Oxford Oxford University Press, 1991. Kant, Immanuel. An Answer to the Question What is Enlightenment? Online Essays Appropriate to Foucoult. 1997. 3 April 2001. Available URL http//www.csun/edu/hfspc002/ fouc.essay.htmlPlato. Five Dialogues. Trans. G.M.A. Grube Indianapolis Hackett Publishing Company, 1981.Plato. The Republic. Exploring Platos dialogues28 March 2001. Available URL http//trill.cis.fordham.edu /gsas/philosophy/quotedpassage.htm

Kingdom of matthias Essay

The Kingdom of Matthias tells the story of Robert Matthews, who later took on the name Matthias the Prophet. A religious charlatan in 1830s New York, Matthews effected a Kingdom of fanatical followers, causing a nationwide scandal.Matthews most fervent follower was Elijah Pierson, who was born into a strict Calvinist church training but who quickly got swept up in the evangelical, perfectionist movement upon his move to New York as a merchant. Elijah married a missionary woman named Sarah, and in concert they established a Retrenchment Society and other organizations designed to spread the word of God.In her fervor, Sarah literally worked herself to death, and died in 1830. The event spurred Elijah toward madness as he attempted to raise Sarah from the dead during funeral. Elijah started to hear God speak and he adopted the title Prophet Elijah of Tishbe.Simultaneous to these events, Robert Matthews was born and raised in a Scottish community called Coila. His parents died when he was young, and after several of his sons tragically died, Matthews began to hear God and see prophetic visions. He adopted the name Matthias.In may 1832, Matthews visited Pierson, and Pierson became convinced that Matthews was Gods Prophet. Matthews used Piersons merchant wealth to establish The Kingdom. Matthews preached regularly to a small band of followers. Eventually, he came to regard Christianity as the Devils work, and his philosophy was full of anti-woman hatred.Matthews convinced a wealthy couple, Benjamin and Ann Folger, of his prophethood, and in short he established a community at the Folger house in Sing Sing, which he called Mount Zion. Matthews ruled his community with an iron fist, dressing extravagantly, bearing an unkempt beard, punishing severely, and lecturing frequently.Not content with the Christian conception of marriage, several of Matthews followers forsake marriage to be united in the Spirit of Truth. This caused a good deal of scandalous wife-swapping, as it strength be called today. Matthews and Ann fell for each other, and Matthews proclaimed Ann as the Mother of the kingdom. Benjamin strayed to Matthews twenty-year-old daughter Isabella, as well as to a widow named Catherine Galloway. The sexual bewitch proved too much for the community, and Benjamin and then Ann revolt. Additionally, an increasing public outcry against the Kingdom and its scandals assisted in its dissolution.One day, Elijah Pierson, suffering from seizures, ate blackberries and soon after died. The public rumor was that Matthews, along with his servant Isabella Van Wagenen, had poisoned the man. Matthews was arrested and tried with murder after two doctors conducted an autopsy and claimed there was poison in Piersons stomach. However, the prosecution had only a flimsy case, and the jury found Matthews not guilty of murder, but guilty of assault (for beating his daughter), and so Matthews served four months in prison.The Kingdom of Matthias scandal is notewor thy for sparking the penny press newspapers, with their obsession with crime and scandal, a tradition that continues to this day with such periodicals as National Enquirer.

Narrative Techniques Chapter 19 Enduring Love

Enduring Love Narrative Techniques Chapter 19 The pre-warning foliate 163 Joe habits a range of symbols in this chapter champion of the symbols utilize is colour. Colour is implementd to give the proofreader a clue of what will happen soon. This is shown when Joe says, in memory, all the food they brought us first was red, the utilise of a colour to call in a part of Joes memory gives the reader the impression that the colour symbolises a feeling or emotion that Joe may form felt. Red in this case could represent danger, blood, anger, threat or jeopardy, all words that are connected to the event that occurs in this chapter.A similar symbol appears on page 172 where Colin Tapp had unspoilt been smack. There is an emphasis on colour of his shirt when Joe describes the gun shot, the silenced bullet struck through his white shirt at his shoulder, the use of the translation about the bullet and where it hit Tapp helps put emphasis on the colour and how it can relate to red. White can be related to innocence, peace and the thought process of being harmless or pure, therefore when Tapp is shot, the innocence is lost.This can relate to red because of Tapps blood and that fact that the shooting involves danger and threat. Also the manpower that shot Tapp were wearing black which contributes to the idea that colour plays a large part in this chapter. The colour black is significant as it could mean that they men were dark, powerful and it can be related to death and evil in contrast to white. Page 164 Joe starts to loose his connection with the reader making their relationship weaker and distancing them.This happens because Joe makes use of multiple stories in this part of his narrative, he constantly switches back and forth from one story to the next, resulting in the uncertainty of the reader. This is shown when he says, I would have like to tell the storyfondly against his arm. This passage includes Joes thoughts about a previous part of his life, t he conversation that he was presently having and what was happening on the board behind him. The frequent switch from one story to another can make the reader confused, resulting in Joe loosing his connection with the reader.The fact that Joe does notice everything happening in the restaurant gives the impression that he has a type of subconscious aware(predicate)ness of what is going on around him, this is shown when he says, on the next table the female child was being helped through the menu by her father. As Joe has included numerous activities happening around him, the reader is confused on what to focus on. Joe uses hindsight at haphazard parts of the chapter again which can make the reader loose focus on what is currently happening in Joes narrative and making the reader and Joe loose their connection.On page 167 Joe states, I didnt see him at the time, not until the very end and on page 165 when I was next aware of her she was back in her seat. This shows an obvious an d constant use of hindsight which can make the reader confused on what Joe saw and thought at that moment. Overall the use of multiple stories, Joes subconscious awareness of everything around him and Joes use of hindsight can all contribute to the readers confusion and distance from Joe. Page 166 The reader apparent motions Joes reli ability when he states that he blamed some of his behaviour on the champagne.As Joe has stated that he had champagne and it affected his behaviour, this could suggest that some of his memories or thoughts on that day may have not actually occurred or may have been different. This makes the reader question Joes ability to recall events truthfully and the reader is unsure whether Joe is a reliable and trus cardinalrthy source. Also, the readers trust in Joe is affected by the questions he asks himself, one example is on page 167 where he says, or were these details I observed later, in the chaos, or in the time after the chaos? This question leaves the reader wondering if they believe Clarissa instead of Joe. This may be because Clarissa believes that Joe has been affected by blockade and that he had lost his way of thought. Therefore the reader may not feel that they can trust what Joe says as he seems unreliable in this chapter as well as the fact that Parry may have affected Joes mind and way of thinking. Page 171 The use of language in this section helps the reader see Joes interpretation of the men that shot Colin Tapp.To the reader, Joe makes a link between the men that shot Tapp and Parry. This is shown when Joe says, both men wore black coats that gave them a priestly look. There was a ceremony in their stillness. The use of priestly and ceremony relate to religion and Parrys beliefs. Also, the use of colour as a symbol makes another link between the two men and Parry as the men represent power and evil which is what Joe sees in Parry. After this, Joe names the two men as the intruders.This term overly relates to Parry as Joe feels Parry has intruded into his life by stalking him and the use of Parrys letters which are frequently focused on throughout Joes narrative. Therefore, we can see why Joe has narrated the two men in this way as he is showing the reader how he thinks they relate to Parry through their appearance and behaviour. From the readers perspective, we can see that Joe sees the two men or intruders as a symbol or representation of Parry.

Experience with a Computer Repair Shop

First of all let me start off by saying I personally have had a bad experience with a estimator reclaim shop in the pass especially when it comes to them backing up of your pictures, videos, documents and all your files to a DVD. Some repair shops say they will back up all your files for a cost to a DVD. The problem with that is a DVD only hold up to 4GB of storage. What if your information processing system has two hard drives or has 1TB of files and stuff that needs to be backed up. Here is when it becomes a scan because peerless DVD cannot save all of that memory and then they want to charge you extra, preferably and arm and a leg. Best buy has done that to me before when I had a virus on my computing machine and I only used my computer so save videos, pictures, play video games, visit social sites and read and send email. It was the worst experience I have ever had and I would never take my computer back to the geek squad ever again. Cost me about $400 bucks to remove a vir us. I couldnt believe it.I can only imagine someone that uses their computer to create files and for their business and professional reasons. They would have a bigger computer and have a hole more files that need to be backed up than the normal person. That would affect them a whole not more than it would do me. Then the shop would not even reinstall their apps so they would have to do that all over again. That would be a pain in the merchantman and a whole other story.Computer repair shops now a day have people that work in it that are lazy and dont know what they are doing and its not right for a customer who is paying good money for crappy service. I mean dont get me wrong you have repair shops that do a good job and fixes your computer makes it a lot faster and a whole lot better when they do a good job by actually removing the virus and saving your memory as promise for a fair price. moreover this repair shop has both its good and bad. They will format your hard drive and re install the OS, but they will only saving pictures, videos and documents to only one DVD and that is a problem.

Man on Wire, Movie Review

aI always enjoy watching a documentary. It makes me to discover a new world. Especially logically well-developed documentaries give me a new stream of thoughts and allows me to discover another way to look at the world. The movie Man on Wire gave me this type of experience, helping me to re-discover the adventurous part of me that I hide deep inside of my soul. Man on Wire is a documentary enjoin by James March about a Philippe Petit and his journey to bye across in the middle of the World Trade Center on a wire back in 1974.What do me interested in the bourgeon in a point of view of student who is freshly leaning elements of germinate is how the director managed to tell this figment without making the interview confused of timeline. Often times in our lives, when we are listening to such a long story like Petits journey, we get lost in time frame. On the top of that in the movie, there is no necessarily main stream of story. unlike types of footages and films drive the story by putting them together as a unit.However March has used different visual effects and devises to give distinctive feelings for the audience to focus on the story. This movie shows interviews of Philippe Petit, interviews from Petits friends, his girlfriend, Annie Allix, and other people who were involved in the scene. As well as footages from Petits own camera, re-directed past sequences, scenes from the news, too animation as transitional finesse between scenes. The director March has given distinguishable color differences to each types of footage in the order of how currently there were filmed.All of the interviews that were filmed while March was directing the movie are in modern style, high-definition color, which gives an impression of present. In the past sequences, the footages from the news and Petits footages during planning how to walk on the WTC are in color film with dimed colors. This gives the distinctive visual effect between the past prior to the construction of WTC. All of the sequences ahead WTC is in dumb and white and has noises all over the film.This gives impression that it is in the farther past. However the sequences of Petit and his crew getting into the WTC is in high-definition black and white with no noises on the film, this gave me an impression that this event happened a long time ago, yet becalm has powerful impact on peoples soul while drawing a parallel with the passion of interviewees talking about the story. One more visual devise that was used in the film that I found interesting was the use of vignette.Vignette effect was used in the sequences that were prior to the time Petit had a passion to walk across the twin towers. This device also makes it easy to follow the flow of the story. Without those visual devises, because of the big scale of the story, it wouldnt be easy to enjoy the film. The portion that touched my heart and made me aware of the part of in my soul that used to dream such things that are not possibl e in the point of view of adults was the expression that the interviewees still have inside of them when they talk about this event.Although as a result, this event did not make any of them in a better position, their memories of achieving what had seem impractical made me admire of their heart what was once beating enormously to make their dreams come true. As there is a saying even an old put forward dreams of the open field. I wish I could be free of fear and live for a dream that inspires other people like Petit has.

Exploring the Effectiveness of Performance Appraisal

EXPLORING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF slaying APPRAISAL IN MULTI NATIONAL COMPANY. BY MITHILA S. PARAB 2007-08 A Dissertation presented in off arrange consideration for the layer of MA MANAGEMENT ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank my supervisor, Nick Bacon for his invaluable advice and guidance by pop out the project. I would like to thank on the whole the rangeicipants who participated in my look. I would like to thank my family and friends for their guidance and encouragement through with(predicate)out the project, without which the project would name been impossible. ABSTRACT This dissertation seeks to present the final resultiveness of the judgment system of a Multi topic company in India. Hence, the cognitive puzzle out estimate system of this company was studied. The resume alike explains how movement judgment systems oblige encouraged employee ontogenesis in the establishment considered. The study explores the importance of mental procedure estimate in the memorial tablet.It explores how organisations birth to be organized and self-opinionated in their approach, so that they dismiss extract the exact score from their employees which can ease them, to create a balance between procedure and achieving administrational objectives. This paper, explains how writ of execution estimation inspection and repairs in evaluating and assessing the employees on a common earth and helps to establish facts of life and phylogeny computer programme which helps the employee to perplex in the agreement. It also helps, to infrastand how mathematical military operation estimation helps in separate personnel office decisions like promotion, requital increments etc. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Performance approximation over bring in How far-flung is execution of instrument estimation? Objective of study oerview of chapters CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE redirect examination How was military operation idea evolved? Linkage of Human vision commission and Performance approximation Pg. zero(prenominal)6 7 8 9 9 11 11 14 17 20 23 25 26 26 27 29 30 31 Purpose of execution estimate Perception of PA in organization How is Pa conducted? Management by Objective Graphic pass judgment Scale bar and BOS Motivation and goal setting scheme Feedback 360 degree feedback synopsis of Literature critique CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHOD Research objective Research methods Quantitative Vs Qualitative why Qualitative? Research Tactics Primary information Design of wonder questions When was research through? Secondary research Limitation of Qualitative research Summary of research methods CHAPTER 4 ANALYSIS OF DATA PART A COMPANY INFORMATION PART B ANALYSIS OF DATA Summary of chapter CHAPTER 5 termination 34 34 34 34 35 36 36 36 37 38 38 39 40 40 42 53 54 5 Exploring the effectiveness of Performance approximation in Multi national company. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIONThe purpose of this dissertation is to explore the effectiveness of performance ideas in Multi national company and its effect on the employees and the organization. This paper, explains how performance evaluation helps in assessing, evaluating and appraising employees performance in the organization as tumesce as rewarding employees and providing them with the necessary training and growth. It tries to explain, how it instigates employees when goal setting theory is app lied in order to perform better in the organization.The, study basic bothy highlights the pertain of performance estimate on the employees and on the organization. The key purpose of performance counselling in organizations is that it helps in measuring the effectiveness of performance in the organization also, it helps in attaining training involve and largely promotes motivation towards work. But, how precisely does performance estimate help in running the organization? Every organization has a set of objectives and functions and the main task is to ac complish the coveted objectives and functions.This can provided be actiond, if the employees hump their duties salubrious. Employees form an Copernican asset of the company, on that pointfore they should be grantd with a straightlaced package, remuneration and good training and development. All these facilities volition only help the employee to be, highly motivated towards their work and would help in producing the right rig i. e. performance. Performance approximation is apply all over the world. Many organizations use 6 performance appraisal in order to develop a cleargonr film of their organization.The performance appraisal process allows an organization to measure and measure out an individual employees behavior and accomplishments over a specific period of time (DeVries et al. , 1981). In recent years the care towards performance appraisal has increased rapidly, due to its strategic potential implications ,relating to fair employment comes and the because of i ncreasing concerns more or less employee productivity in the organization. (Pearce and Porter,1996 ) What ultimately lies is the end product which is performance which has to proper, therefore, in order to pass on that, the employees should be utilized to the full extent.Organizations have to be organized and systematic in their approach, so that they can extract the exact performance from their employees which can help them, to create a balance between performance and organizational objectives. Performance Appraisal Overview The most basic purpose of performance appraisal is to provide knowledge to the employees about their telephone line and the amount of effort and behavior d gooded from them. Performance appraisal (PA) systems aim to help, develop individuals, improve organizational performance and to develop the base from which builds a baseline for planning for the prospective. full generally PA includes the sideline main purposes 1 man of a shared vision of the orga nizations objectives, occasionally through a mission statement communicated to all employees. 2 Setting of individual performance aims relating to the operating units tar land within the overall organization. 3 A ceremonial freshen up of progress towards these targets, and/or the identification of training occupys. 4 The PA system assessed regularly to evaluate its effectiveness for overall organizational performance. (Coates,1994) 7 McEvoy and Cascio(1990) suggested that employees should be told their duties i. . they should be told what is expected from them plus effective orientation towards effective performance. As a result, the intention is to provide employees with an adequate perceptiveness about their phone line, and encourage employees to work towards their organizational goals. When objectives are set for the employees it becomes simpler for them to attain the desired task. Performance can be obtained, when a desired goal is condition. Lockes ( 1968) endeavor setti ng theory emphasizes the importance of conscious goal takes as determinants of employee performance.Goal setting theory is summarized as follows- a. hard goals produce a higher level of performance than easy goals, b. or so specific hard goals produce higher level of output c. behavioral intentions regulate choice behavior. How widespread is performance appraisal? Performance appraisal is widely use in many Western countries. In US the percentage of organizations using performance appraisal increased from 89 percent to 94 percent from 1970s to 1980s. (Locher and Teel,1988) Similarly, in UK the use of ballock performance appraisal system has rapidly increased. Armstrong and Baron,1998) Appraisal is oddly prominent in some big industrial sectors in the UK, such as financial services. Cully et al (1998) add that performance appraisal has developed from an sign application to the middle managers and professional occupations and is now frequently applied to non-managers and profess ionals. 8 Performance appraisal is also used in non-western countries like China, India, Hong Kong and Japan. Objective of the study The aim of this study is to explore the operation and effects of performance appraisal in Multi national company.It will assess whether the appraisal process creates a positive(p) response or negative response from employees and assess the subsequent allude on employee attitudes and behaviors. The appraisal process studied is that of a Multi national company in India. The appraisal system of this company was designed to improve employee productivity. The findings, suggests that the performance appraisal system is important in the Multi national company among employees and the organization. The study also explains how performance appraisal systems have encouraged employee development in the organization considered.An over view of the existing lit relevant to this topic is considered in the following chapter. Over view of the chapters Chapter 1 Introdu ction A brief introduction about the purpose of the research is given. A brief overview of performance appraisal is presented. Then the research objective is mentioned. Then a brief description about the remaining chapters is given. Chapter 2 Literature review Chapter 2 comprises of Literature review. It starts with the hi romance of performance appraisal system.It explains how performance appraisal system was evolved in the industry and what its authoritative importance in the industry is. The chapter past, explains 9 the various purposes relevant to the subject. The purpose and perception of appraisal system is explained. This is followed by the process of performance appraisal. The literature review was designed to explain the main motive of the research, therefore accordingly the relevant literatures pertaining to the research was only considered. Chapter 3 Research methods Chapter 3 comprises of research method adopted in the.This chapter gives an overview of the research and the research objective. It hence explains the purpose of qualitative research adopted in the research. It then highlights the relationship between the study and the research method adopted. The majority of the chapter explains how the entropy was stash away for the research and the process of information analysis. Chapter 4 Analysis of entropy Chapter 4 comprises of the Analysis atom. This section gives a brief introduction to the parameters on which the employees are tested in the organization and the scale on which they are refereed are explained.This chapter then explains the findings of the research. This section broadly explains the reaction of the employees, of the appraisal system of their company. Chapter 5 Conclusion Chapter 5 concludes the research by stating briefly the findings of the research and sums up the entire research. The conclusion also suggests recommendations for fur 10 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW This chapter gives a review on the literature of performance appraisal. It explores areas from the time performance appraisal was evolved till the current rating scale in the industry. How was performance appraisal evolved?Evolution of performance appraisal. The titular performance appraisal system has a wretched but considerable historical background. Grint (1993 ) traces evidence of performance appraisal system in the third-century Chinese practice. In this condition, Imperial Raters were employed by emperors of the Wei dynasty to rate the performance of the official family members. (Wiese and Buckley, 1998 ) Performance appraisal was seen in the industry in early 1800. In UK, Randell (1994) identified its use in Robert Owens use of silent monitors in the cotton mills of Scotland.Here, the Silent monitors were blocks of wood with different colors painted on each visible side and it was hung above each employees work station. At the end of the day, the block was turned so that a particular color, representing a grade (rating) of the employees performance, was facing the aisle for everyone to see. (Weise and Buckley, 1998) Anecdotal evidence indicates that this practice had a facilitating influence on subsequent behavior. 11 In US the trend of performance was started in1813 in the US War department. Here , an Army General submitted an evaluation of each of his men.Using a global rating, with descriptions of his men such as a good-natured man or a knave despised by all (Bellows and Estep, 1954,Weise and Buckley,1998). One impetus of development of performance appraisals in United States was traced in salesman selection by industrial psychologists at Carnegie- Mellon University (Scott et al. , 1941), who used trait psychology to develop a man-to-man rating system. Historically, performance appraisals have been used for administrative purposes, such as retention, discharge, promotion, and salary administration decisions (DeVries et al. 1981 Murphy and Cleveland, 1995 Patten, 1977) as cited in Weise and Buck ley (1998) By the early 1950s, 61 per cent of organizations regularly used performance appraisals, compared with only 15 per cent flyingly after World War II (Spriegel, 1962,Weise and Buckley,1998). The essential hammer was the trait-rating system, which focuses on past actions, using a standard, numerical scoring system to appraise people on the nucleotide of a previously open up set of dimensions (DeVries et al. , 1981). The main tool, used under here was rait rating system. But, there were a lot of inconsistencies found in it, as the manager had to take up the role of a judge and not a leader. This laid to the development of new systems based on management by objectives. Peter Drucker first proposed the concept of Management by objective in 1954. Mcgreror then used it in the appraisal process in the year 1957. He suggested that, employees should be appraised on the soil of short-term goals, rather than traits, which are jointly set by the employee and the manager. (Weise an d Buckley,1998).This method was very advantageous as, this lead to a transformation of a managers role from organism a judge to a helper. It also shows that, employee 12 productivity ultimately leads to performance. Thirdly, it shifts the orientation towards future actions instead of past behaviors (DeVries et al. , 1981 Patten, 1977) However, when employees performance was measured on the basis of units, then MBO was ineffective. This lead to new development in the appraisal process , where the employee was evaluated on the basis of behaviour based rating.The first tool, to focus on behaviors was the Behaviorally Anchored grade Scales (BARS), designed by Smith and Kendall (1963) therefore, it is seen that PA system has come a long way for the betterment of the organization and the employees. New development of PA was utilizable at every stage. Today, performance appraisals are expected to serve a number of purposes simultaneously. When discussing the uses of performance apprais al, it is important to distinguish between organizational goals, rater goals, and ratee goals. (Weise and Buckley,1998)Thus, Performance appraisals now should be used as a vital tool to identify the work potential of an employee, instead of choosing the best individual in the organization. Performance appraisal goals needs to become more inclusive goals which are beneficial to both individual and organization. For example, instead of just assisting an organization make decisions concerning an individual, performance appraisals should be used to help an individual make personal decisions regarding his/her current performance and provide strategies for future development. (Weise and Buckley,1998)Performance appraisal is regarded widely as a necessary attribute of management, part of an over-riding value set of efficiency, of being seen to succeed, to perform and to control. (Barlow,1989) Performance management forms a baseline for setting the objectives and helps in giving a clear p icture to employees and visitably explains, what is expected from them. at that placefore, the question that arises is, whether performance appraisal system is meant only for completing the organizations objectives? Yes, performance appraisal does that ,but at the same time it gives training and development to employees, proper pay package 3 and right remuneration packages which help in motivating the employees to produce the right output i. e. performance. Performance appraisal is a eccentric and significant managerial tool used to motivate and control workforce. Linkage of Human resource management and Performance appraisal Human resource forms an innate part of the organization. Hence, it is very important to examine the role of appraisal in the effective and efficient utilization of this resource. (cummings and Swab, pg 56) Fig 1. The process of Human utilization PERFORMANCE HUMAN ABILITIES AND ENERGIES surgical procedureING AND CONVERSION of HUMAN ENERGIES According to Br atton and Gold,(20037), Human resource management (HRM) is a strategic approach to managing employment relations which emphasizes that leveraging peoples capabilities is critical to achieving free-enterprise(a) advantage, this being achieved through a distinctive set of integrated employment policies, programs 14 and practices. HRM forms a core in understanding peoples behavior towards their colleagues as strong as their companies. The poser laid down by Fombrun, Tichy and Devanna (1984) of HRM gives a clear picture of the HRM process. Bratton and Gold,2003) Fig 2. HRM Process Selection Performance Human resource development Appraisal Rewards In this modelSelection Selecting the right candidate who would fulfill the organisational goals and objectives Performance The output of employees abilities which add value to the organization Human resource development Providing the necessary training session, this would help the employees to possess the relevant knowledge and cleverness to perform better in the organization. Due to this the employees would improve individual skills as well as glide path in the organization. 15Appraisal Appraisal which depends largely upon the employees capability to perform would then show the employees competencies and talent. The modern human resource system may be divided into quadruplet parts acquisition of human resources(recruitment and selection),training and development ,motivation and compensation. Performance appraisal is involved in all quartet parts and serves to tie them together by providing feedback information for all of the other parts. ( Latham and wexley,1977 griffin604) Performance appraisal therefore is known as the powerful tool for managing human resources. Forbrum and Laud,1983) Therefore, an HRM process forms an important fragment in the organizational structure. HRM department knows the objectives and function well of the organization. Therefore, it knows what kind of people the company needs and rec ruits in that way. It provides adequate training session to employees so that they know their tasks, well in advance and act accordingly, it helps in encouraging and motivating employees and sees to it that, the employees do their duties well. When the employees know their task well, they would obviously perform well.But, still HRM has to do another important task is to check whether the performance of the employees is as per the standards or not. This is where a formal appraisal system comes into picture. Therefore, Huber,(1980) rightly puts it that in the context of human resource management, formal appraisal serve three purposes 1. Evaluation, 2. development and 3. Employee protection. Richard & Johnson (2004) suggest that organizations need to match HR framework and practices up to holistically corporate system in order to achieve superior performance in the organization. 6 WHY is PA necessary? Earlier, PA did not exist in the organization. Then why did the need of performance appraisal arise? Why was it necessary to include performance appraisal system in an organization? Cant a organization run efficiently if there is no PA system ? Wiese and Buckley (1998 ) gave an answer to this. They said that, a formal performance appraisal system serves as an asset in conducting formal decision process within the organization . It also helps employees, in developing their career and increasing their commitment towards their organization.Murphy and Cleveland (1995) add that it is always advantageous to use a formal appraisal system in the organization. Performance appraisal provides information that is relevant for many personnel decisions, like increments in salaries, it introduces scope for promotion, transfers, and training and development programs, as well as for employee development and performance feedback (Jacobs, Kafry, & Zedeck,1980) Huber(1980) is also of the same opinion that millions of public and private employees have their performance appraised in or der to delimit salary, promotions, tenure, layoffs and development potential.Purpose of performance appraisal The most known purpose of performance appraisal is to improve performance of individuals. Performance appraisal has basically two important purposes, from an organizational point of view 1. The maintenance of organizational control and 2. the measurement of the efficiency with which the organizations human resources are being utilized. (Cummings and Shwab. 1973 pg. 55) But ,there are also a variety of other declared purposes and desired benefits for appraisal, including Improving 17 otivation and morale of the employees, clarifying the expectations and reducing the ambiguity about performance, determining rewards, identifying training and development opportunities, up communication, selecting people for promotion, managing career growths, counseling, discipline, planning remedial actions and setting goals and targets. (Bratton and Gold,2003284, Bowles and Coates,1993). Howe ver, according to Armstrong and Baron, there is rise in more harder and judgmental forms of performance appraisal than softer and developmental approaches.Therefore there has been a shift in performance appraisal away from using it for career planning and identifying future potential and increased use of it for improving current performance and allocating rewards. (Redman and Wilkinson,2001 pg. 60) Performance appraisal can be used as an effective tool to improve employees job performance by identifying strengths and weaknesses of the employees and determining how their strengths can be best utilized within the organization and overcome weakness over the period of time. The next question that comes into mind is that who gets more out of the appraisal process the organization or the employees?Who obtains more gain out of it? Both, i. e the organization and employees or any one of them. The following studies give us an express understanding of the different purposes of performance ap praisal in the organizational context and highlights the different key features of performance appraisal. It also helps us to know who benefits from the appraisal system. Mcgregor (1972) in his paper, An uneasy look at performance appraisal said that formal performance appraisal plans are designed to meet three needs, one of the organization and one two for the individual The following are his ideas about PA. 8 Firstly, PA provides systematic verdict to back up salary increases, promotions, transfers, demotions or terminations. Secondly, PA forms a means of telling subordinate how he is doing, how his performance is towards the organization and suggesting the forms in his behavior, attitudes, skills or job knowledge goods ,they let him know where he stands with the boss. Thirdly, PA is increasingly being used as a basis for coaching and counseling of the individual by the superior.Similarly, Murphy and Cleveland (1995) studied how performance appraisal is used in organization. The y compared between individual and within-individual performances. The between individual performances was able to provide information to make decisions regarding promotion, retention and salary issues. The within individual performances was useful in identifying the training and development needs which includes performance feedback, identifying the strengths and weaknesses of employees as well as determining transfers.another(prenominal) use of performance appraisal was found out through this study was that of system maintenance which was used to identify the organizational goals and objectives, to analyze the organizational training needs and to improve the personnel planning system of the organization. Finally, documentation purposes are to meet the legal requirements by documenting personnel decisions and conducting validation research on the performance appraisal tools.Bowles and Coates (1993) conducted a postal survey of 250 West Midland companies in June 1992, where the organ izations were asked questions pertaining to the use of Performance management in the organization. These questions included the perceived function of PA in the management of work, its strengths and weaknesses, the role of 19 commitment in the management of work. Through their survey they found out that PA was beneficial in the following ways 1. PA was beneficial in developing the communication between employer and employee, 2.It was useful in defining performance expectations and 3. Identification of training needs. An important study in the field of employees performance appraisal program was conducted by Redman et al (2000) on National health Service Trust hospital (UK). In this study, they explained the effectiveness of performance appraisal in public sector. Their research was mainly to check in what context does performance appraisal hold an upper hand in proving its worth in the public sector. The results however were reasonably surprising.The results obtained showed that pe rformance appraisal was considered as organizational virus. Nelson (2000) adds that PA largely helps the employee to have a focused and fixed approach towards the target goal. He elaborates that appraisal system acts like a boosting factor for the employee to do his job well. It recognizes the employees capabilities in order to achieve the given objective and function. It also helps in knowing the short sexual climaxs of the employees and acts like an important element, for career development and planning.Perception of PA in organization It revolves if PA gives a positive impact or a negative impact to the employees. It shows whether the employees get motivated to perform better, if they receive a good feedback or do they get de-motivated and loose interest in their job. So far, we have 20 come across the purpose, uses of PA in the organization, but the perception i. e. the understanding of PA is not taken into consideration in most cases which is important for the employee as well as the organization.If the employees dont recognize this, then they would suffer unnecessarily in the organization the reason being that, an employee has a definite level of expectation from his company when he joins it he expects sum kind of growth from it, also the organization expects a lot from him. But, a negative feedback of performance would largely hamper him mentally and make him loose his interest in his job. There would be change in his attitude, which would be problematic for him as well as the organization. He would be de motivated to achieve the organizational objectives.Many employees have a kind of view that, their promotion or salary increments largely depends on their performance. Employees therefore are in a dilemma and consider this situation as survival of the fittest . They know for a fact that, their performance is only taken into consideration at the end of the day, and in order to grow in the company they need to be pro active towards their work. The feedba ck the employee receives from his superior, may simply describe the level of performance achieved. (Evans,1986) Hence, it is important for the managers to conduct the appraisal process properly.Employees can only accept animadversion if it is useful and relevant to them. Managers should know how to provide information regarding improvement in performance and how to present criticism as well. Managers feel that whenever they have to provide a negative feedback, the employee is most likely be dejected and de-motivated. Meyer et. al (1965) carried out a study in General Electric Company where certain points relating to performance feedback was highlighted. In this study, 92 appraises were appraised by their managers on two 21 occasions over two weeks.The study was carried out by questionnaires, interviews and observation. The first interview, included performance and salary and the second performance and improvement. It was notice, that there was a lot criticism pointed out by the ma nagers, which lead to defensive behavior of the employee. The conclusions from this study were that- Criticism leads to create a negative impact on the motivation and performance of the employees. Interviews designed to improve performance should not at the same time weigh salary and promotion issues. Participation by the employee in goal setting helps to produce favorable results.After this study, there were many studies which reflect upon employees performance issues due to negative feedback. Ilgen et. al (1979) add that the appraisal has to be fair. Employees who believe that the appraisal system is under any kind of bias and misunderstanding between them and the managers are, most likely to be dissatisfied by their work and can also leave their jobs. The extent to which employees are able to accept feedback will vary to a considerable degree between employees and managers will need to be able to cope with such variations .That is ,they will need to know their people as individua ls, and this itself-importance will be a rebuke of the development of managers. ( Bratton and Gold,2000,p. 286) One possible reason for the widespread dissatisfaction with performance appraisal in organization is that the systems used by organizations do not help them or their employees meet the desired goals. ( Murphy and Cleveland. ) It has been shown that individuals are motivated to seek feedback (if it is seen as a valuable resource) to reduce uncertainty and to provide information relevant to self evaluations (Ashford, 1986). 22 How is PA conducted?Performance appraisal system should not merely be a checklist of dos and donts ,it should provide a wider perspective to the employees. Performance appraisal has to be designed in such a way that, both, the employee and the organization can obtain fruitful results from it. A performance appraisal system should be made in such a way that the organization can ensure proper accomplishment of goals at the same time the employee can exp ect clear and concise work expectations. Knowing what is expected from them is the first step in helping one cope better with the stress usually associated with drop of clear divisions. Baker,1984) To make performance appraisal effective,our criteria need to be present. These are? Employees should be actively involved in the evaluation and development process ? Bosses need to enter performance appraisals with the constructive and helpful attitude. ? ? Realistic goals must be mutually set. Bosses must be aware,and have knowledge of the employees job and performance. (Baker,1984) Cole (1988) presented the following appraisal process framework. This framework explains how the appraisal process is carried out.First, the appraisal form is completed by the manager and the employee then a formal interview is explained where a job improvement plan is established which gives three expirys action agreed, promotion or transfer or salary review. 23 FIG. 3 PA PROCESS APPRAISAL FORM COMPLETED I NTERVIEW CONDUCTED JOB IMPROVEMENT PLAN ACTION AGREED PROMOTION OR TRANSFER SALARY REVIEW 24 APPRAISAL METHODS Management by Objective Management by objective (MBO) was introduced by Peter Drucker in 1954 which changed a managers role from being a judge to a helper.Management by objective is an approach where employees are evaluated by how well they accomplish their tasks and objectives which are important to be critical in the successful intent of their job. MBO is a process, which converts organizational objectives into individual objectives. It helps in goal setting, planning, self review and performance review. In goal setting, the organizational objectives are used as guidelines through which the individual objectives are set up. Goals are set up between the managers and the employees, which become the standards against which the employees results will be evaluated.MBO is used in planning process ie making the action plan for carrying out the assigned goals. It includes identi fying the proper activities necessary to accomplish the objectives. Self-control is another important step in MBO, where a systematic monitoring of performance is through by the individuals so that they get a clearer picture of their performance. (Rudman,2003) says that it is crucial to have very precise and well defined objectives, this will eradicate scenarios whereby the appraiser have to appraise performance based on unclear objectives which will in turn will affect motivation.The advantage of MBO lie in its result oriented emphasis. It assists the management for planning and control functions and is considered as a result oriented approach for performance appraisal ,because employees would know exactly what is expected of them and how they will be evaluated and how their evaluation will be based on their success in achieving their goal. MBO clearly defines an employees goals and objectives to be achieved in the organization. 25 Although management by objectives has many positiv e features, its limitations need to be understood.The primary issue that needs to be addressed by the organization is the high level of management commitment and time required to reorient the thinking of employees (Patten, 1977,Weise and Buckey,1998). Graphic Rating Scale (GRS) GRS is considered as the most popular and oldest of the appraisal systems. GRS is used mainly in evaluating performance based on quantity and quality of work. In this the rating of an employee is done on some specific areas only. The rater has to mark the employee on the basis of certain scale which best describes the employees performance in the organization.GRS helps in analyzing employees on a quantitative scale and can help to compare and contrast the employees behavior on this scale. There is greater standardization of items so comparability with other individuals in diverse job categories is possible. (Henderson, 1984, p. 175) BARS and BOS Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales (BARS) was introduced by Sm ith and Kendall. BARS development is a long and arduous process, involving many steps and many people. From this process, performance dimensions are more clearly defined and are based on more observable behaviors. Weise and Buckley,1998) This system received special attention in the field of performance appraisal. This method was useful in analyzing the performance on the basis of behavior. BARS, clearly highlights the 26 definite, observable and measurable behaviors done in the job. Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scale was greatly accepted because it made use of specific behaviors which is derived for each job and which would produce relatively reliable and error-free ratings. Behavior observation scales were then introduced which were intended to improve BARS. (Latham and Wexley, 1977)Motivation and Goal setting theory Performance appraisal process and its outcome can affect an employees motivation. Employees performance is seen as most directly as a consequence of the employees abi lity and his motivation to perform. (Cummings and Swabs, 1973, pp. 46) In Organisational context, the performance is evaluated by examining the employees abilities and capabilities to achieve the desired objectives. Behaviour Maintenance Model The BMM presented by Cummings and Swabs attempted to show how people become motivated to perform effectively in the organization.This model shows the importance of outcomes in the motivational process. 27 Fig 4 Behavior Maintenance Model SATISFACTION GOAL ATTAINMENT MOTIVATION GOAL ASPIRATIONS In the framework, Goal aspirations lead to goal attainment and motivation. When goal aspirations leads to goal attainment which when achieved by the employee give a sense of job satisfaction him. When an employee is satisfied then he ultimately becomes motivated to work more efficiently in the organization. Evans(1986) also presented a model of motivation in which a goal ie a starting point is set up by the supervisor or the individual and it is then acc epted by them.This goal largely influences the employees persistence, attention effort and the approach or the strategy which he adopts to complete the goal. These factors and the constraints of performance determine the actual performance. When this task has been accomplished then this actual performance is compared with the pilot light 28 Fig 5 Evans Model of Motivation Goal set and goal accepted Effort Constraints on performance Attention Persistence strategy Ability Performance Comparison with goals FeedbackLocke( 1968) introduced the Goal setting theory whereby the employee gets motivated to work for his organization when he has a goal to achieve. Lockes Goal setting theory is summarized as follows- a. hard goals produce a higher level of performance than easy goals, b. some specific hard goals produce higher level of output c. behavioral intentions regulate choice behavior. Feedback Feedback about the effectiveness of an individuals behavior has long been recognized as essen tial for learning and for motivation in performance-oriented organizations. Ilgen et al 1979) Feedback is considered as an important tool in performance appraisal 29 process. Feedback can be a useful tool for development, especially if it is specific and behaviorally oriented, as well as both problem-oriented and solution-oriented (Murphy and Cleveland, 1995) One of the basic purposes of formal appraisal process is the provision of clear and performance based feedback to employees. ( Carroll and Scheiner,1982) Some organizations use feedback as a development tool ,while in some organizations it is used for merit evaluation and compensation adjustment. McEvoy and Buller,1987 London ,Wohlers and Gallagher,1990) Feedback is very essential for the employees because it forms a baseline for the employees which help them to get a review of their past performance and chance to improve their skills for the future. (Ashford,1986) says that when feedback is considered as a valuable resource, t hen only the individuals feel motivated to seek it, which helps in reducing uncertainty and provides information relevant to self evaluations. There is also evidence that performance feedback (if given appropriately) can lead to substantial improvements in future performance (Guzzo et al. 1985 Kopelman, 1986 Landy et al. , 1982) 360 degree performance appraisal 360 Degree appraisal is used to describe a comprehensive nature of feedback which is received by an individual through everyone in the job. It is also referred to as multisource feedback or multi-rater feedback(Kettley,1997) adds that when an individual receives feedback from different sources of the organization, including peers, subordinate staff ,customers and themselves, i. e. When a feedback is received from all-round a job, then the process is known as 360 degree appraisal or feedback. 0 Nearly all the Fortune 300 companies are adopting 360 degree appraisal process. (London and Smither, 1995). The demand of 360 degree, in UK is increasing rapidly. (Handy et al, 1996, Geake et. al, 1998) There hasnt been a lot of empirical evidence on the 360 degree appraisal system. (Fletcher and Baldry 1999 pg63) say that-The actual amount of empirical evidence on the impact of 360 degree feedback is disappointingly small considering its extent of its use widespread adoption seems to have reflected faith rather than proven validity.Even though 360 degree, is not widespread adequate it is been used for a lot of purposes. Research has shown that 360 degree is used for the following purposes(Fletcher and Bailey 2003) state that 360 degree feedback gives a great scope to commend and criticize on their sub ordinates performance. It also helps in building up the competency of the organizations framework and objective. It aids in increasing self awareness as self-assessment corresponds to subordinates perception. Summary of literature review. Performance appraisal was evolved in the third century in China in the Wei d ynasty. Weise and Buckley, 1998) PA was seen in industry in the early 1800. In UK, Randell (1994) observed it in Robert Owens silent monitors. In US, an Army General introduced it in for evaluation of his army men. Earlier, PA was used only for administrative administration. The linkage of human resource management and performance appraisal is shown in the research. Huber (1980) rightly puts it that in the context of human resource purposes like retention, discharges, promotion and salary 31 management, formal appraisal serves three main purposes 1. Evaluation, 2. development and 3.Employee protection Richard & Johnson (2004) also suggest in this context that organizations need to match up with the HR framework, objectives and practices up to holistically corporate strategy in order to achieve superior performance in the organization. The research explained why a formal performance appraisal was necessary in the organization. PA gives an employee a proper understanding of his duties and tasks towards his organization. It helps the organization to evaluate employees on a common ground and gives scope for retention, salary decisions, promotions, training and development programs etc. Jacobs, Kafry & Zedeck,1980 ) Studies by McGregor, Murphy et al, Bowles and Coates etc explained the various purposes of performance appraisal. About 61% of organization adopted Performance appraisal by 1950. Performance appraisal developed on the basis of objectives and goal function, thus MBO was evolved. MBO was helpful in setting up goals, which became the standard against which the employees performance was compared. However, MBO was ineffective performance was measured in units. Therefore, behaviorally monitored performance review was introduced.Thus, Behaviorally Anchored Rating System (BARS) was introduced. BARS was designed by Smith and Kendall in 1963. BARS was found to give more accurate rating of performance. Behavior observation scales were then introduced which were in tended to improve BARS. (Latham and Wexley, 1977) It was seen that performance appraisal can be used as a motivational tool. The Behavior Maintenance Model presented by Cummings and Swab in 1973, which explained how people become motivated to perform effectively in the organization. 32Similarly, Evans (1986) also presented a model which explained how individual and manager decide a goal and how this goal largely influences the individuals persistence, attention and the strategy he/she adopts to complete the goal. These factors determine his actual performance. When the individuals tasks are achieved then this actual performance is compared with the original goal. Locke(1968) introduced the Goal setting theory which emphasizes the importance of conscious goal levels as determinants of actual performance. Goal setting theory is summarized as follows- a. ard goals produce a higher level of performance than easy goals, b. some specific hard goals produce higher level of output c. behavi oral intentions regulate choice behavior. Feedback is another important element in the field of performance appraisal. the feedback which an individual receives is the report of the performance achieved by him/her. 360 degree feedback was introduced which refers to feedback received by an individual through everyone in the organization. 360 degree feedback includes feedback from peers ,sub-ordinates and customers.It is also known as multi-source feedback. 33 Chapter 3 RESEARCH METHOD This section would help understand and explain the reasons behind the choice of the methodology I have adapted for this research The choosing of research methodology depends on the nature of study topic (Creswell, 1994 ). Research objective The research objective was to understand the effectiveness of an appraisal process on the employees. The main purpose of this dissertation was, to study the employees ability to perform well in the industry and to check the impact of performance feedback over their j ob.Research methods. Quantitative Vs Qualitative. Denzin and Lincoln ( 2000 ) say that, Qualitative research generates the neighborlyly constructed nature of reality, the intimate relationship between the researcher and what is studied, and the situational constraints that shape inquiry. They seek answers to questions that stress how social arrive is created and given meaning. In constrant, quantitative studies emphasize the measurement and analysis of casual relationships between variables, and not processes. (pg 8) 4 Qualitative research thus has a humanistic element to it, whereas Quantitative research is grounded in mathematical and statistical knowledge. (Gephart,2004) Qualitative research is a representation of peoples mind and, it is interpretative and highly inductive. (Van Maanen, 1998) another(prenominal) interesting difference between the two methods is, that quantitative techniques require the researcher to produce and verify hypothesis and reduce entities into simple variables for the benefit of understanding and generalizing.Also, it assumes that all occurrences are independent events that have no connection to the surrounding environment. On the other hand, qualitative research attempts to prove and understand phenomena rather than explaining the cause and effect relationship. Further, it believes that all occurrences are linked in some way to the surrounding environment. (Easterby smith et al,2002) Why qualitative? The goal of qualitative research is to understand the research topic more explicitly, from the perspective of the interviewee, and to understand how and why they have arrived at this perspective. Gephart, 2004) adds that, qualitative research methodology largely depends on recounting, understanding and explaining complex or interrelated phenomena, namely, the methodology is to understand multi-dimensional, projectile picture of a subject of study. Qualitative research method was ideal for this project, because it gave a deeper und erstanding of the, given theories and helped in obtaining an edge in knowing the concepts well. As the data obtained through qualitative is the interviewees own responses, it helps in gaining a broader perspective about the topic.The exact responses pertaining to the literature review helps in linking the data well. 35 Research Tactics The tactics used for data collection for the research are classified as follows Primary data The research deals with the reaction of the employees after being appraised. Hence , it was necessary to conduct the research through semi structured interviews. Cooper and Schindler (2001) suggest in this context , that if the research is an exploratory study, use of interviews is more appropriated for the researcher to understand and get an in depth view of the topic being explored.Design of interview question . The interview questions were designed, keeping in mind the research objective. Eight questions were designed in accordance with the literature revi ew. The interview questions were categorized into four parts. The first part, reflected the employees basic experience with performance appraisal. The second part, focused on the training aspect of the organization, which forms an important part of the appraisal process. The third part, focused on the direct implications of the appraisal process on the employees life.The last part was designed to reflect answers relating to motivation and better performance in the organization. The questions designed were open-ended because ,it could give the employee the chance to elaborate his given situation. Easterby-Smith, et al. , (2002) state that, investigators conduct qualitative interview to understand how individuals construct the reality of their situation formed from the complex personal framework in order to help explain and predict events in their world. 36 When was the research done? The research was done in mid July to mid August.Data analysis For the data collected in this researc h through interviews, a framework given by Bryman and Bell(2003) was used. The framework is known as Theoretical take in which is explained as follows. Theoretical sample distribution It is a process of data collection for generating theory where the researcher collects and analyzes data and decides what data to collect next and where to find it, in order to develop his theory as it emerges (Bryman and Bell, 2003. Thus, data was collected from various sources until there was a theoretical saturation.The same content leads to descriptive content analysis which is discussed in detail in the next section (Bryman and Bell, 2003, p. 330). Figure Theoretical sampling 37 Secondary research This has been provided through the available research and various reports. This was done by accessing the subroutine library and books, journals, market reports and internet extensively. Limitations Limitations of qualitative research. The big problem with qualitative data is how to condense highly c omplex and context-bound information into a format which tells a story in a way that is fully convinced to the eader. (Cassell and Symon, 2004) Qualitative research methods are descriptive. Also ,they are subjective in nature which always leads to a kind of research bias. Sometimes, the interviewees were not willing to open up much, towards 38 some question. This would either lead to incomplete information or incorrect information. Another important limitation was time constraint. Due to time constraint, the researcher was not able to take many interviews. Summary of Research methods The research method was done keeping the research objective in mind.The research method adopted for this research was Qualitative research method. Qualitative research method helps to understand multi-dimensional, dynamic picture of a subject of study. The research tactics adopted for the research were done in the form of primary data source and secondary data source. Primary data was obtained in the fo rm of structured interviews. The questions designed for these interviews were open ended. The secondary data was obtained in the form of reports, books, journals etc. A theoretical sampling method of Bryman and Bell (2003) was adopted for data analysis method. 9 CHAPTER 4 ANALYSIS OF DATA This section is divided into two partsPart A describes the parameters on which the performance appraisal process is designed in the organisation. The parameters helped the researcher to understand the effectiveness of performance appraisal in the organization. Part B describes the analysis of data. The analysis of data explained in detail the respondents views about the appraisal system PART A COMPANY INFORMATION Following is brief description of the various parameters adopted by the company in order to conduct the formal appraisal system.The appraisal system is conducted twice every year. First, in June and the other in January . The performance appraisal system in the company is conducted on the basis of 5 parameters. 1. trading Acumen 2. People Leadership 3. Effective Communication 4. Execution 5. Customer Centricity Business Acumen 1. Business Acumen refers to the ability of the employees to conduct quick and accurate decisions pertaining to the business strategies. Performance appraisal considers Business Acumen as an important tool in analysing the individuals business related activities in the organisation. 40 . People Leadership People leadership refers to the employees ability to show leadership skills. It also shows whether the employee is able to motivate employees, helps in building up morale of his subordinates. He acts with empathy and ensures better coordination in his team. The company considers this as an important parameter because it helps in knowing the leadership skill of the employee. 3. Effective Communication Communication is an integral part of every organization. The employee should be having good communication skills. He/she should be able to com municate at all levels. . Execution Execution is the process where the employee should be able to execute the given task in a specific period of time. Under this parameter, the employees efficiency and say-so is considered. His/her prompt reaction to any situation is considered. This parameter also tests an employees capability to handle work load under pressure. 5. Customer centricity Customer is the King . This parameter focuses on the employees way of handling customers. It checks the employees promptness in handling the customer and his/her ability to make the customer satisfied.The above parameters are calculated with the help of the following 3 point rating chart. 41 3= Outstanding The employee understands his job very well. Performance is exceptionally good and much higher than the standard set up. all the way understands the key objectives and goals of the organization and achieves them in time. Efficient and prompt. 2= Meet expectations Performance meets the required exp ectation. May exceed expectations in areas like communication and customer centricity. skilful understanding of objectives and goals. = Needs Improvement Performance doesnt meet the expectation and lacks consistency. Lack of understanding of key objectives and goals. Requires additional training and development sessions. PART B .ANALYSIS OF DATA The analysis of data was done on the basis of the responses obtained through the interview process. The analysis is done by the respondents views over the performance appraisal process present in the company. 42 A total of 6 respondents agreed to participate in the research. The interview was designed, taking into consideration the research questions.The interview considered four main aspects, which are as followsA. Performance appraisal process B. Training and development C. Feedback D. Impact of performance appraisal A. Performance appraisal process. The questions designed under this section were to understand the performance appraisal p rocess in the organisation. This would give the researcher, a clearer picture of the organisational PA process by presenting exact views of the interviewees. Questions under this section Q 1) Do think it is necessary to have a formal appraisal process in the organisation?Q 2. ) What are your views about the appraisal system in your organization? Responses Q. 1 ) Do think it is necessary to have a formal appraisal process in the organisation? Yes. We have a formal appraisal process twice a year in June and January where my manager shares the feedback on the goals defined to achieve by the end of given period. ( Respondent no. 1) 43 Yes, it is necessary to conduct a formal appraisal process. It gives a clearer understanding of our objectives and functions and makes us more competent to achieve our goals. ( Respondent No. 2) Yes.I have gone through a formal appraisal process about 10 times since 2002. I feel it an essential part of the organization. We, the employees , know our duties well in the organization ,we know what is expected from us and our target goals are laid down for the coming period. ( Respondent no. 4) Q 2. ) What are your views about the appraisal system in your organization? The appraisal system is very comprehensive as it focuses our accomplishment summary, strengths/growths, improvement and development needs and plans, Training needs and other certifications and potentially career interests.It also rates employees based on people leadership, effective communication and customer centricity. ( Respondent No. 1) I think its important to have formal appraisal system. It not only helps you achieve your long-term goals but also helps you understand where you stand in comparison to your colleagues. There will be lot of other hard working people in organization, who will be working towards the same goal or same position that you want, so this process gives you a more clear path, vision as to what you can do differently that will set you apart from o ther employees.It generates a healthy competition. (Respondent no. 2) 44 The Appraisal System in my organization is well-organized, both from the Performance Capturing viewpoint as well as from the Review and setting up the goals and expectations of an individual. ( Respondent no. 5) It was seen from the above responses that, the employee were generally happy about the current PA process, because it was designed to help them grow and develop in the organisation. It provided them with the necessary guidance to improve their performance and other key skills in the job.The employees stated that it lead to healthy competition amongst the employees. B. Training and Development The second part of the interview focused on the training skills obtained through the appraisal process. The questions were designed to understand if the organization really requires training and development program and whether it is useful for them to grow in the organisation. Questions asked- Q. 1) Do you think a formal appraisal process should include training and development programs? Why? 45 Q. 2. ) How did the training and development program of the appraisal process help you?Were you satisfied with it? Q. 1)Do you think a formal appraisal process should include training and development programs? Why? Responses to Q1. Yes, an appraisal process should possess training and development processes, because it helps an individual to work on his/her improvement areas which could be addressed by training in appropriate soft or technical skill-set. For example If an individual lacks delegation of work to its peer sub ordinates, then he can be recommended for Delegation of Authority training which would enable him to understand the concept and delegate responsibility. Respondent 1) Yes, its important to have training and development programs part of appraisal process. Its important for every employee to understand how the appraisal process works and how are they evaluated. They should be given tra ining so that process is very transparent for them and they understand everything. Also once the appraisal is done and employees have given their improvement areas, its important to conduct different development programs to help them work on their improvement areas. (Respondent 4) 46 Yes. The formal appraisal process should include the training and development programs.The main objective of an appraisal process is to showcase where an individual stands from the performance and organization expectations point of view, and what are his development needs and GnOs (Goals and Objectives) for the upcoming year. The Trainings and Development programs help and individual to enhance his abilities and acquire the required skills to meet the expectations/goals set for him by the organization/management and also help his to grow in the organization. (Respondent 3) Q. 2. ) How did the training and development program of the appraisal process help you? Were you satisfied with it?Answers to Q2. Th e training and development needs were fulfilled in some areas unlikely in certain areas like leadership it was not fulfilled based on project, location and time priorities. Its a very costlier intimacy to organize training onsite and hence had to do a lot of self learning and receiving coaching feedback from assigned coaches. (Respondent 2) Yes, I was satisfied with the training and development programs as it helped me to work on my improvement areas. After going through different training and development programs, my Leadership and People management skills improved a lot.This in turn helped me to manage my team more efficiently, by understanding there needs, by motivating them and helping them to achieve their individual goals. This helped us to meet our targets set by the organization and also gave production benefit to the Customer. (Respondent 5) 47 I have attended various programs/training in my career till date. They have always helped me to enhance my abilities and skills . For example, the Six Sigma Green Belt Training and the LEAN caliber Trainings have given me a vision to think about Quality in every task we do and thus improvise the performance.The Coaching Manager and Leadership trainings have helped me to emerge as a better colleague, team Lead and a mentors to my peers and subordinates. I have been pretty satisfied with these training and would look forward to the opportunities to attend more of them. (Respondent 3) The overall response in this context, was pretty positive. The employees thought that training and development formed an important element in the process. However, one respondent highlighted a different point where training and development was not provided.The training guidelines helped them to understand their organizational objectives and functions well. All the respondents were satisfied with the training and development program because it helped them to enhance their skills in the job. C. Feedback The questions designed under t his section helped to obtain the immediate reaction of the appraisal system. This was required in understanding how the employees feedback is in the organization. These are the following questions 48 Q 1. What is your immediate response after being appraised? Q. 2.Was your performance discussed in detail? Were any improvements suggested? Q 1. What is your immediate response after being appraised? The responses obtained were as followed Its always to good to know your strengths and your improvement areas. It provides platform to work on areas for the coming period. (Respondent 2) After appraisal I know what are my strong areas, which sets me apart from others and I have to keep working on that. It also helped me to identify my improvement areas, which I have to focus so that I can grow in the Organization and achieve my goal (respondent 3)This depends upon how the discussion goes along with my managers and appraisers. If the Managers convince me about

William Blake’s Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience

Trace how Flakes thought develops from his song The Lamb and The Tiger together- l engage no name I am but two days old. What shall I call thee? l euphoric am, Joy is my name. Sweet Joy befall thee The estimable character as salutary as the bad abstractions such as truths and vices is framed up in symbols to elaborate their suggestiveness and implications. Flakes cosmology is too large and labyrin issuee to be given in brief. His symbols help to express his visions which whitethorn be obscure to a common reader.Blake says Allegory is addressed to the intellectual powers, while it is whole hidden from the corporeal. Understanding is my definition of the Most Sublime Poetry. From this it is clear that in his view poetry is concerned with something else than the phenomenal world and that the wholly meaner of expressing it is through what he calls allegory. For Blake allegory is a system of symbols which presents flushts in a spiritual world. The modest Rose puts forth a t horn, The humble Sheep a threatening horn ovalbumin the Lily white shall in love delight, Nor a thorn nor a threat stain her beauty promising. Blake imagined himself under spiritual influences. He saw various forms and comprehend he voices of angels, f disperseies, kings of the past and even divinity fudge the past and future were before him and he heard in imagination, even the awful voice which called on tour amongst the trees of the garden. In this kind of dreaming abstraction, he tarryd much of his life all his s works argon stamped with it.Though this visionary aspect explains much of the mysticism and humbleness of his work, it is also the element that makes his poesys singular in loveliness and beauty. It is amazing that he could thus, month later on month and year after year, lay down his en scratchr after it had earned him his lily wages, and retire from s the battle, to his imagination w present he could acquire scenes of more(prenominal) than-earthly splendor and creatures pure as unfasten dew. kindred Sweeteners, Blake narrates things unheard and un put one overn more purely a mystic than Sweeteners, he does not condescend to dialectics and scholastic divinity.Those who fancy that a dozen stony syllogisms seal up the perennial leap of our deepest questions, will affirm that Flakes belief was an illusion, constant and self-consistent and harmonious with the world through come forward the whole of a mans life, stinkernot differ from much reality. However, it is also important to peak hat he was unlike common atheists. Selfish Father of Men Cruel, Jealous, selfish Fear Can delight, Chained in night, The virgins of y come forthh and morning attendante? In the clash of creeds, it is always a pull to remember that sects with their sectaries, orthodox or separatewise, could not intersect all, if they were not in the same plane. My spiritual password is certainly becoming confused by your words of conflicting conclusions, therefore as cending wizard of them please reveal definitely that by which I may obtain the greatest benefit. We find in Flakes poetry m each of the elements characterizing amative poetry. The world of imagination is the world of Eternity, says Blake.In his championship of liberty, his mysticism, naturalism, idealization of babehood, and simplicity Blake could be called a precursor of Romantic poetry in nineteenth century England. Now enjoy. Dip him in the river who loves trunk of water.. The busy bee has no while for mournfulness.. The most sublime act is to set some other before you The cistern contains the fountain overflow. In explaining these lines we waver in interpreting the drops of tears that water the heaven as the outcome of the rage of the defeated rebelling angels or as tears of Eric.If this wrath is one of the two aspects of God, the tigers cruelty and foolishness is only superficially headacheful. It can otherwise be construed as a prophetic rage. But after, all wrath and mercy unite at the same point where the last-ditch reality of God is felt. There are two meaner for the achievement of the goal, the first being through the ingenuousness of the lamb and other being through the experience of the tiger. The close of the meter gives us the clue the daring of the creator whether God or man is the cleansing wrath of the tiger. Blake is first and foremost a poet of visions and mysticism.But of, his visions are not jailed to a narrow streamline of thought to the highest degree futurity alone they take the present into consideration and unfold those aspects of contemporary society detrimental to discharge growth of the mental powers of man. He ridicules the artificial ethos of religion that professes a complete negation of mans sensual life and vehemently argues for a more complete life which combines the senses and the spirit. He probes beneath the sur look of things and exposes the roots of social vices, the hidden sores and scars of a traditi on-bound society. Can a obtain sit and hear An child groan, and infant fear? No, no Ever can it be Never, never can it be Flakes maxim that the gracious soul is made of contrary elements can be applied here also. Indistinct and imagination or the beastly and divine nature of man is necessary for a fuller life of the soul and for its progress. It is a grievous error to sanctify the lamb and turn an eye of defiance towards the tiger. Blake opposes such a view and gives equal prominence to sense and soul, the kookie and tamed aspects of human beings. Does throttle hide its Joy When buds and blossoms grow? What holds our attention is not merely the brutes beauty but the mystery and repose behind its origination.In The Lamb the poet visualizes the holiness of the lamb and child and unifies them with rescuer Christ. It is obvious that the link that connects these figures is innocence. The harmlessness of the lamb and the purity of the heart of a child are nothing but the manif estation of heart nor does he act premeditatedly. The air of innocence is clearly visible on the face of all the three of them. How sweetish is the guards sweet lot From the morn to the evening he strays He shall get hitched with his sheep all the day, And his tongue shall be filled with praise. More than this element of innocence there is another thread of connection between the lamb and Christ. Christ refers to himself as the Lamb of God The lamb of God that take away the sin of the world. In the Bible Christ is referred to both as a lamb and as a shepherd. In this aspect the lamb has a religious significance too. (The whole universe is a symbol, and God is the essence behind. ? Swami Vegetarian ?) The Tiger displays the poets excellence in guile and descriptive skill. In the forest of experience Blake finds the bright- eyed tiger which appears to involve all the cosmic forces.The tiger has made its appearances in the Prophetic books of Blake. The poets reliance in the cosmi c and preternatural forces is increasingly exemplified and asserted when he describes the creation and the creator of the tiger. The creator is a supernatural being and not necessarily the Christian God. The creation, accord to another elucidation takes place in an extraordinary cosmic commotion. When the constellations turn round in their course there is a move from light to darkness. The mannikin and method of asking questions here are quite different from those employed in The Lamb.In The Tiger the questions are put in a terrified and awe-inspired tone. It is also held that The Tiger deals with the capacious problem of evil, but in Blake evil does not exist as an abstract quality. Instead, the evil is embodied in the wrath of God. Christ, like all other Gods, has a dual duty. He punishes the sinners and offenders and loves the followers. Thus Christ or God becomes the God of both love and unkindness. The fire is a popular symbol of wrath. Milton and Spencer have described wrat h as fire, but we are not to misapprehend Flakes use of wrath as one of the deadly sins by the miracle and morality plays.Blake finds virtue in wrath and what he describes in the righteous indignation or the wrath of a pious soul. In addition to this, if we also construe the emblematical meaning of the forest, then we can substantiate the meaning of the lines. Tiger Tiger burning bright In the forests of the night. The poet is struck with surp germinate and awe to behold the wild animals majestic elegance and grandeur. Its symmetry is solemn and the glow of its eye is unearthly. When the process of creation is over, a terrible beauty is born. The strength of the animal and its moves/ are its strange features.The tiger beyond its superficial tatty is a prototype of God whose harsher aspect is present n the wildness of the creature. It is a contrast and counterpart to the innocence of the lamb. The poet wonders Did he who made the Lamb make thee? In the song The Tiger a descrip tion of the process of creation is given, but no clarification is given about who the creator is. In the first stanza the creator is described as having wings by which he may have reached the skies to bring the fire for the luster of the wild beast.The creation of the tiger is conveyed in words and phrases which, though meaningful in their totality, do not yield any explicit elucidation of the creator. We sense the soused shoulders thrusting forward in the process of forging the body of the carnivore. The dexterity of the strokes is further conveyed in the dread hand which is gifted with unprecedented craftsmanship. If the dread feet and dread hand are applied to those of the busily engaged creator we can elicit the fact that those limbs are busy in working diligently.At the moment of achieving the perfection of his sublime creation the poem grows tense, the questions are broken in midway and the speakers hindered gasps let out incomplete harass of exclamation. The star floor. The watery shore. Is given thee till the break of day. In the world of innocence even the meanest creature such as a lamb (which is low only in the eyes of human beings) is treated as having unbound divinity. Here is an exclusive unification of the three characters- Christ, child and the Lamb who constitute the Christian concept of Trinity in the world of innocence. Flakes concept of God is closely aligned to his mysticism.He conceives of God as the very epitome of characteristics which man is capable of developing. If he nurtures these qualities, an can attain godliness-it merely depends on what set of qualities a man develops. A child asks a lamb if it k nows its merciful creator, its feeder or the giver of its delightful and coos clothing of fleece. He also asks the lamb whether it knows who gave it its tender voice that fills the valleys with pleasant Joy and music. Quite childlike, the lines Little lamb who made thee? Dost thou know who made thee? are repeated, presumable with w onder in the eyes of the child. The speaker does not wait for any answer.He tells the lamb that its creator is one who is called after the name of the lamb itself. He is one who calls Himself a lamb. He is meek and diffuse and came on earth as a little child. The poem comes to have a meaningful pause at this juncture. The questions are asked, answers done and the child (or the poet) turns to conclude the lines in a wise hymnal vein or spiritual implication. He says l a child, and thou a lamb, We are called by His name Blake intends to suggest that the great purpose of wrath is to consume error, to annihilate those stubborn beliefs which cannot be removed by the tame horses of instruction. It is typical of Blake to ask questions when he is overpowered by wonder ND amazement and it is effective especially in the case of this poem, where it results in an intense improvisation. The phrase fearful symmetry- whatever is mathematical in symbolic suggestions- is clearly the initial puzzle the symmetry implies an ordering hand or intelligence, the fearful throws doubt about the benevolence of the creator. The forest of the night is the darkness out of which the tiger looms brilliant by contrast They also embody the doubt or confusion that surrounds the origins of the tiger.In the case of the lamb the creator is meek and he is mildHe became a little hill. In the case of the tiger creator is again like what he creates. The form that mustiness be supplied Him is now that of the Promethean Smith working violently at the forge. The tiger is an image of the Creator its dreaded terror must be His. In what distant deeps or skies burned the fire of thin eyes? On what wings dare he aspire? What the hand dare seize the fire? There is scarcely any poem in Songs of Innocence and of see which does not have a symbolic or allegorical or allusive implication.Though these poems are rendered in the unsophisticatedst realistic poems is somewhat scriptural- simple and rebound at th e same time. The Biblical allusions add prodigious significance to his poems when foe example, we read the The Shepherd it commemorates Christ as the Good Shepherd and reminds us that the parables are clad in pastoral elements. Without reference to the Bible the poem, The Shepherd is meaningless and insignificant. Furthermore, Blake makes use of Biblical phrases too, as we see in the poem The Lamb. Gave thee life, and bid thee feed, By the stream and oer the mead Gave thee clothing of delight, Softest clothing, woolly, bright Gave thee such a tender voice, Making all the vales rejoice? In Songs of Innocence and of Experience, Flakes symbols are not as obscure or abstruse as we find them in his other poems. In his later poems (Prophetic Books) they are rather incomprehensible. The principal symbols used by Blake have been classified by critics as innocence symbols. Many of these, of course, overlap, and among themselves weave richness into Flakes poetry. Then come home, my children, the sun is gone down, And the dews of night arise In the first, the word dews evokes an image of harmlessness but in the second linguistic context it evokes a feeling of chill and damp. In the first there is a feeling that the eightsome will pass, but in the second poem the word dew assumes further ramifications of meaning. It implies materialism, the philosophy of experience, the indifference to spiritual truth. Knowledge of these symbolic meanings enriches our understanding of the poem. Blake gives his own meter reading to traditional symbols.The rose traditionally associated with love and modesty assumes the aura of sicknesses and disease in Blake for he considered love to be free and honest and open in order to be good. The lilys purity assumes added depth in Flakes poetry, not because it is chaste but because it feels honestly. The sun flowers movement with the sun has deep meaning on the one hand it represents a search for spirituality on the other, it expresses regret for being attached to the ground. The simple vocabulary and movement of Flakes verse should not lull us into a feeling that the thought too is childish.Indeed there is a complex thread of syllogism in his poetry that gives multiple layers of meaning to his words. Sometimes this syllogism even lends obscurity to his poems because it evolves out of Flakes own system of symbols. The manner in a particular mood is a remarkable illustrated in the Nurses Songs in Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience pop off in both poems yet the feelings evoked because of the accompanying words are in sharp contrast. To this day they dwell In a lonely dell. Nor fear the wolfish howl Nor the lions growl. The world of Experience welcomes a child of sorrow, who rather than being a fiend himself is also born into a monstrous world of totems and taboos. grotesque to notice, it is not actually upon the growing boy that the shadows of prison house close on the other hand, the shadows spread on the infant at the moment of stand itself. Predictably enough, there is no scope of a heaven lying about its infancy. Its struggle begins from the very moment of its birth, it is choked from the very start of its life and it finds its only rest on its mothers breast.As a contrast to Infant Joy here the child is not a Joy but a fiend and neither its mother nor the father, though it is not explicit from Flakes poem, accords a warm s welcome to him. The child hides behind the cloud. The speaker is evidently the child himself who laments against life. But to go to naturalise in a summer morn, Oh It drives all Joy away Under a cruel eye outworn The little ones spend the day In sighing and dismay. Admittedly, the poem brings out Flakes ideas on love and hints at his well-known belief that sex is not sinful.For Blake nakedness is a symbol of pure innocence and he lauds untenanted love. The Golden Age is that in which the people have love for their fellowmen and mingle with one another freely. In the Golden Age love is not a crime but a grace and beauty signaling unbridled innocence, but in the present age the most tender sentiments are rigid by the trembling fear coming from the cruel eyes of experience. In every cry of every Man In every Infants cry of fear In every voice, in every ban The mind-forged manacles I hear. Flakes vision of man in Songs of Experience, especially with reference to A Divine Image can be summed up as, The human dress is forge iron The human form is a fiery forge, The human face a furnace sealed, The human heart its hungry gorge. The poem A Divine Image is a contrast to The Divine Image in its very title. In The Divine Image, the definite article The shows the real, one and only Divine Image. In A Divine Image the indefinite article A points at a particular divine image which has a unique growth.The contrast is also visible in the two stanzas of these two poems. For Mercy has a human heart, Pity a human face, And Love the human form divine. Love, Mer cy, Pity, Peace Can be seen as a stark contrast to the lines of A Divine Image that run as Cruelty has a human heart And Jealousy a human face Terror the human form divine And Secrecy the human dress. This is truly terrifying. His soul (the human form) is burning with frightfulness within the iron body of secrecy (the circumstance of deceit his face is a furnace sealed up wherein Jealousy rages his heart is recklessly cruel.The imagery is similar to that of The Tiger, but where the Tiger had broken all leaping as a symbol of regeneration, man is here imprisoned in a dress of an iron suit, of his own forging and all his energies burn within it, overpowering him. For I dance, And strength and breadth, And the want Of thought is death Blake is not merely a revolutionary thinker on mans physical or corporeal independence he is also one who broods over the spiritual freedom or spiritual salvation of mankind.The former point, showing Blake as a humanitarian, cans be well understood from poems such as The Chimney-sweeper, Holy Thursday and A little Girl Lost. In all these cases Flakes fury makes him lash out at the lip service of man and the society that enslaves children to utter lifelessness. In Holy Thursday Flakes sympathetic and compassionate heart shares the agony of the children and his pent up feelings are let out through an ironical comment Beneath them sit the aged men wise guardians of the poor, Then cherish pity, lest you drive an angel from your door. William Blake is considered a precursor of Romantic Movement in English Literature. Romanticism laid considerable stress on the elements of imagination, tauter worship, humanitarianism, liberty, mysticism and symbolism. It differed from the outlook expounded by the preceding age of Neo classicalism which promoted the notion of reason, balance and logic with regard to prose and poetry. The Romantic creed of poetry rests on recording the simple emotions of humanity in a simple diction. Recollections of puerility (nostalgia) are also a common subject of Romanticism. When the voice of children are heard on the green And whisperings are in the dale, The days of my youth rise fresh in my mind, My face turns green and pale. But of, the flood of feelings gains more fury in the poem of the same title in Songs of Experience Is this a holy thing to see In a rich and fruitful land. Babes reduced to misery, Fed with cold and usurious hand? With vehemence Blake argues for the freedom of human energy too. He deplores any religion that denies sexual and emotional life of man. Virility and vigor are divine and its free play should never be hindered. He is called by thy name, For he calls Himself a Lamb. He is meek, and He is mild He became a little child. Many of Flakes poems celebrate the divinity and innocence of not merely the child UT also the least harmless of creatures on earth, namely the lamb. The child asks the lamb if it knows who has created out. The child does not wait but answer s his questions himself. He does so, we feel, not because the lamb cannot communicate, but because the child is so enthusiastic and eager to mention the creator and his virtues.He refers to the meekness of Christ, his glorious infancy as well as his reference to himself as a lamb. He concludes with a reference to his own and the lambs affinity to God and thus establishes their oneness. Qualities of simplicity, innocence and divinity are extended even to the world of animals and the innocent creatures like the lamb are raised from their level of lowness in the human eye. Both the child and Christ are corporate with the lamb and the three forms the Trinity on earth. Tiger Tiger Burning bright In the forest of the night, What immortal hand or eye hardiness frame thy fearful symmetry? In The Shepherd the Shepherd is depicted as enjoying vast freedom, and his fortune is praised. He is so fortunate that he can cast about in carefree way wherever he chooses and sing in praise of God. No t only is he always near his lambs, listening to heir innocent cries, bleats and answering bleats ,but he is never exposed to the world of Experience where he may be startled by roars of cruelty and fierceness. This is a simple pastoral poem in which liberty and freedom are praised. We are again brought to realize the affinity of lamb and innocence. Frowning, frowning night, Oer this desert bright Let the moon arise, While I close my eyes. The pastoral convention, which represents the occupations of shepherds in an idealized way, against an idealized country background had to face severe criticism in the eighteenth century because of its unreality. It was held that men and women were neither so Joyful nor carefree, nor so innocent, as they were represented but according to Blake, young children do have these qualities, they live in a golden world of their own. This convention is used by Blake to give us an insight into childhood, and one state of human soul.In the poem, the poet t ells us about the valley along which he goes piping and about his sudden meeting with a child. The child bids him pipe a song about a lamb- another pastoral element. The pipe is a conventional pastoral musical organ on which the shepherds play melodiously as the sheep graze. It is also worth nothing that when the child appeals to him to release down the song, the poet says And I plucked a hollow reed, And I made a rural pen And I stained the water clear, And I wrote my happy songs Every child may Joy to hear. The phrase reed, rural pen and Water clear contributes much to the elements of pastorals or rustic innocence. In the so-called world of experience, callousness, tyranny and hollowness await the blithe new-comer and subject him to an entire transformation. The child -turned-youth experiences a curb on his spontaneous instincts, by the repelling codes of social moralities and etiquette. There is hypocrisy in full swing and there is cruelty. In this unsanitary forge, he is resha ped and bestowed with an altered outlook. He is no more the rollicking child.His fertile imagination yields to the aged diminished intellect and mature reason. He is in fact fallen or lapsed- fallen from his primordial abode of life. What the hammer? What the chain? The two diverse natures- Innocence and Experience are essential for the ultimate salvation of his soul. From experience man moves to a world of higher innocence. Blake seems to argue that Joy and peace, which man had experienced in his holding, can have solid foundations only if man has experienced and overcome the impediments and unpleasant realities which day to-day life presents.That is to say, to attain a higher innocence man must be tested by suffering and misery, physical as well as emotional he must go through the actual experience of life. Through the state of childhood innocence is charming it is not prefect and cannot last long. For spiritual elevation, lessons from both experience and innocence are essential. And it bears the fruit of Deceit, Ruddy and sweet to eat And the raven his nest has made In its thickest shade. Flakes The Tiger blends child-like innocence with adult wisdom.The child-like innocence is revealed in the volley of questions and exclamations about the fearful symmetry of the tigers body and the reactions of the stars and God to the tigers creation. Like the innocent child the poet wonders to know who framed the tigers body, fearful but well-proportioned What immortal hand or eye Could frame thy fearful symmetry? The following volley of questions bears the stamp of child-like innocence Shades of the prison-house begin to close Upon the growing boy. Like a child not contaminated by the evils of experience the poet is curious to know what instruments were used to frame the tigers fearful symmetry. With the innocence of the child the poet thinks that the angels were so amazed to see the fearful tiger created that they threw down their spears and wept. He also wonders if God smiled with satisfaction to see his new creation (I. E. The tiger) the wondering that becomes a child. Uniform spring and your day are wasted in play, And your overwinter and night in disguise. With this child-like innocence is blended adult wisdom. The Tiger expresses the sadism (I. . Experience) that comes of age that becomes a man who has gone through his life. The wisdom sought to be conveyed is as follows. Man passes from innocence to experience. And for experience man has to pay a bitter price not merely in such unimportant things as comfort and peace of mind, but in the highest spiritual values. Experience debases and perverts noble desire. It destroys the state of childlike innocence and puts destructive forces in its place. It breaks the free life of imagination and substitutes a dark, cold, imprisoning fear, and the result is a deadly low to blithe human spirit.The fear and denial of life which come with experience breed hypocrisy which is as grave a sin as cruelty . To destroy these forces of experiences the benign creator assumes the role of a malignant creator. In the scheme of things the tiger is as much a necessity as the lamb. So the God who created the lamb also created tiger. In other words, is not only a God of mercy, but also a God of wrath, the creator of Satan and social and political cataclysms. Flakes conception of God here betrays a striking similarity with the Hondo hydrological Avatar theory. Round the laps of their mothers Many sisters and brothers, Like birds in their nest, Are ready for rest And sport no more seen On the darkening Green. It is indispensable that the boy who enjoyed full freedom and liberty in innocence ought to pass into experience. This is because the design of human life gives prominence to the contrariety of human nature without which there is no progression. A complete life on earth meaner the life of innocence and experience. Without experience or innocence the life cycle is incomplete and imperfect.T he memos of Songs of Innocence and of Experience are based on this sales booth of contrariety. Why of the sheep do you not learn peace Because I dont want you to shear my fleece. The Tiger is typically representative of the most characteristic features of experience which in the poetic context of Blake involves deep meaning. From this sizeable symbol we construe that Blake was a devotee of energy which, for him, was an aspect of true divinity. In this poem the poets irrepressible curiosity at the extraordinarily exquisite creation of God finds its vent in small broken questions.After wondering at the symmetry of its body and stripes, the luster of its eyes, the strong muscles, elegant paws and its powerful strides, the poet turns to the reaction of the creator when he beholds his own creation. The poet says that God may have smiled at the surrender of the rebelling angels at his own master craftsmanship in the creation of the tiger. The stars are the rebellious angels under Satan . When they failed to defeat God and were beaten they threw down their spears as in surrender and moaned for their defeat. It is after this event that God started creating inhabitants for the earth.So, at the time of the defeat of the rebelling angels, God might have Just finished the creation of the awesome tiger and smiled on his hidden purpose behind all his acts. Because I was happy upon the heath, And smiled among the winters snow, They clothed me in the clothed of death, And taught me to sing the notes of woe. The Lamb is the most significant poem in the section of Innocence not merely because it propounds the idea of innocence in the simplest way, but also because here we notice the poet extending the world of innocence even to the animals that re insignificant and base in the human eye.In this poem we see a child patting a lamb and asking if it knows who the giver of its life and brad is. He asks it whether it knows who has given it the silken fleece immaculate white and th in voice of its bleat. The child himself answers his questions. He defines the Almighty God as who is known after the name of his lamb who is meek and gentle. Since God descended to the earth as infant Jesus he is also called a child. The child, lamb and God are all brought to unite to form a single divine entity. The essence of the poem lies in these